A whitening serum is a skincare product designed to brighten the skin tone, reduce dark spots, and even out skin discoloration. Typically, these serums contain ingredients that work to inhibit melanin production, which is responsible for pigmentation and dark spots. They are commonly used to target issues like hyperpigmentation, sun spots, acne scars, and uneven skin tone.

Key ingredients often found in whitening serums include:

1. Vitamin C: Known for its brightening and antioxidant properties, Vitamin C helps to lighten dark spots and promote a more radiant complexion.
2. Niacinamide (Vitamin B3): This ingredient helps to even out skin tone, reduce redness, and decrease the appearance of pigmentation.
3. Hyaluronic Acid: While not directly whitening, it hydrates the skin, making it look plumper and more radiant.
4. Alpha Arbutin: A powerful ingredient that helps to reduce the formation of melanin, leading to a lighter and more even skin tone.
5. Licorice Extract: Often used for its skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties, licorice helps reduce pigmentation and calm the skin.

Whitening serums are typically applied after cleansing and toning but before moisturizing. They can be used both morning and night, depending on the formulation, but it’s important to always wear sunscreen during the day as some of these ingredients can make the skin more sensitive to UV rays.

Overall, a whitening serum can give the skin a more youthful, radiant appearance by addressing pigmentation issues and helping to reveal a brighter complexion over time. However, results may vary, and consistency is key when using such products.